Shart mayli

Q: Shart mayli nima?

Shart mayli haqiqatda mavjud boʻlmagan narsa haqida gapiradi: istak, afsus, taxmin yoki talab. Uning asosiy belgisi — feʼl shakli maʼnodan bir qadam orqada turadi: hozirgi zamon uchun oʻtgan zamon shakli, oʻtgan zamon uchun Past Perfect.

Haqiqatda yoʻq narsa haqida gapirish

Shart mayli nima?

Shart mayli haqiqatda mavjud boʻlmagan narsa haqida gapiradi: istak, afsus, taxmin yoki talab. Uning asosiy belgisi — feʼl shakli maʼnodan bir qadam orqada turadi: hozirgi zamon uchun oʻtgan zamon shakli, oʻtgan zamon uchun Past Perfect.

I wish I knew his address.Koshki uning manzilini bilsam.
They suggested that she take a break.Ular unga tanaffus qilishni taklif qilishdi.
He talks as if he owned the place.U bu joy oʻziniki boʻlgandek gapiradi.

wish bilan

wish dan keyin qaysi shakl kelishi qaysi davrga afsuslanayotganiga bogʻliq. Bu jadval shart maylining asosini tashkil qiladi.

wish dan keyingi shakllar
Nimaga afsus	Qaysi shakl	Namuna
hozirgi holat	Past Simple	I wish I knew.
oʻtmishdagi ish	Past Perfect	I wish I had known.
boshqaning xatti-harakati	would + Vinf	I wish he would stop.
to be feʼli bilan	were (barcha shaxsda)	I wish I were there.

Qoʻllanilishi

Beshta asosiy holat.

wish — istak va afsus

Hozirgi holatdan norozilik yoki oʻtmishdagi qarordan afsus. Shakl maʼnoni belgilaydi: I wish I knew — hozir bilmayman, I wish I had known — oʻshanda bilmaganman. Uchinchi holat boshqa odamning xatti-harakatidan norozilik boʻlib, unda would ishlatiladi: I wish you would call more often.

I wish it were warmer today.Koshki bugun iliqroq boʻlsa.
She wishes she had studied medicine.U tibbiyotni oʻqimaganiga afsuslanadi.
We wish you would call more often.Tez-tez qoʻngʻiroq qilsangiz edi.

if only va as if

if only wish dan kuchliroq eshitiladi va hissiyotni oshiradi: If only I had listened to her. as if va as though esa haqiqatga toʻgʻri kelmaydigan taqqoslash beradi — She behaves as if nothing had happened. Ikkala qurilmada ham feʼl bir qadam orqaga suriladi.

If only I had listened to her.Koshki uni eshitganimda edi.
She behaves as if nothing had happened.U hech narsa boʻlmagandek tutadi oʻzini.
If only the shop were still open.Koshki doʻkon hali ochiq boʻlsa.

that-gaplarda asos shakl

suggest, insist, demand, recommend feʼllaridan va essential, important sifatlaridan keyingi that-gapda feʼl asos shaklida turadi — shaxs va zamonga qarab oʻzgarmaydi: The doctor insisted that he stay in bed, stays emas. Britaniyacha uslubda uning oʻrniga should qoʻyiladi: that he should stay.

The doctor insisted that he stay in bed.Shifokor uning yotishda qolishini talab qildi.
It is essential that everyone arrive on time.Hammaning vaqtida kelishi shart.
They demanded that the road be repaired.Ular yoʻl taʼmirlanishini talab qilishdi.

Shart gaplarda

Ikkinchi va uchinchi tur shart gaplar shart mayliga asoslanadi: hozirgi xayoliy holat uchun Past Simple, oʻtmishdagi imkonsiz holat uchun Past Perfect. if tushirib qoldirilsa, gap inversiyaga oʻtadi: Were he here va Had we left earlier — bu shakl rasmiy va adabiy uslubga xos.

If I had known, I would have come.Bilganimda edi, kelardim.
Were he here, the problem would be solved.U shu yerda boʻlganida, muammo hal boʻlardi.
Had we left earlier, we would have caught the train.Ertaroq chiqqanimizda, poyezdga ulgurardik.

Barqaror iboralarda

Eski shart mayli bir qancha qotib qolgan iborada saqlanib qolgan: Be that as it may, Suffice it to say, Come what may, God bless you. Ularning tuzilishi hozirgi qoidaga boʻysunmaydi va yaxlit yodlanadi — bu shakllar zamonaviy ingliz tilida boshqa hech qayerda uchramaydi.

Be that as it may, we must decide today.Nima boʻlganda ham, bugun qaror qilishimiz kerak.
Suffice it to say that the plan failed.Shuni aytish kifoyaki, reja amalga oshmadi.
Come what may, we will finish the work.Nima boʻlsa ham, ishni tugatamiz.

Maqsad ergash gapida

so that va in order that dan keyin modal feʼl keladi: might, could, should. Bu shakl yozma va rasmiy uslubga xos, soʻzlashuvda esa uning oʻrniga to bilan infinitiv ishlatiladi: He left early so that he might catch the train oʻrniga to catch the train.

He spoke slowly so that everyone might understand.Hamma tushunsin deb u sekin gapirdi.
They left early so that they could catch the train.Poyezdga ulgurish uchun ular erta chiqishdi.
Write it down so that it should not be forgotten.Unutilmasin deb yozib qoʻying.

Asos shaklni talab qiladigan soʻzlar
Soʻz	Turkumi	Namuna
suggest	feʼl	suggest that he go
insist	feʼl	insist that she stay
demand	feʼl	demand that it be done
recommend	feʼl	recommend that they wait
essential	sifat	It is essential that he come.
important	sifat	It is important that she know.
necessary	sifat	It is necessary that we act.

Inversiya

Rasmiy yozuvda if tushirilib, yordamchi feʼl oldinga chiqariladi. Maʼno oʻzgarmaydi, uslub koʻtariladi.

if siz shakl
Oddiy shakl	Inversiya bilan
If he were here	Were he here
If we had left	Had we left
If she should call	Should she call

I wish I were taller.Koshki boʻyim balandroq boʻlsa — was emas, were.
She insists that he be informed.U xabardor qilinishini talab qiladi — is emas, be.

Hozirgi va oʻtmishdagi afsus

Past Simple

Hozir shunday emasligidan afsus.

I wish I had a car.Koshki mashinam boʻlsa — hozirgi holatga afsus.

Past Perfect

Oʻtmishda qilinmaganidan afsus.

I wish I had bought a car.Koshki mashina sotib olganimda edi — oʻtmishga afsus.

§Shart mayli nima?

§wish bilan

§Qoʻllanilishi