Past Perfect
Oʻtgan tugallangan zamon
Yasalishi
Tasdiq
S
She had finished her work before noon.U tushgacha ishini tugatgan edi.
Inkor
S
She had not finished her work before noon.U tushgacha ishini tugatmagan edi.
Savol
Had
Had she finished her work before noon?U tushgacha ishini tugatganmidi?
Past Perfect nima?
Past Perfect — oʻtmishdagi biror nuqtadan oldin tugagan ish-harakatni bildiradi. U yakka ishlatilmaydi: gapda doim ikkinchi nuqta boʻladi — boshqa ish yoki aniq vaqt.
Tasdiq shakli
Yordamchi feʼl had barcha shaxslarda oʻzgarmaydi — bu Past Perfect ni oson qiladi. Asosiy feʼl uchinchi shaklda (V3) turadi.
| Shaxs | Yordamchi | Feʼl | Namuna |
|---|---|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | had | V3 | I had finished |
| he / she / it | had | V3 | she had finished |
She had finished her work before noon.U tushgacha ishini tugatgan edi.
They had left the city by Friday.Ular jumaga qadar shahardan ketgan edi.
Inkor shakli
Inkor had va not bilan yasaladi. Ogʻzaki nutqda deyarli har doim hadn't qisqa shakli ishlatiladi.
| Shaxs | Yordamchi | Feʼl | Namuna |
|---|---|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | had not (hadn't) | V3 | I had not finished |
| he / she / it | had not (hadn't) | V3 | she had not finished |
He had not read the letter.U xatni oʻqimagan edi.
We had not met before that evening.Biz oʻsha kechagacha uchrashmagan edik.
Savol shakli
Savolda had egadan oldinga chiqadi. Soʻroq soʻzi boʻlsa, u eng boshda turadi: Where had she gone?
| Yordamchi | Shaxs | Feʼl | Namuna |
|---|---|---|---|
| Had | I / you / we / they | V3? | Had you finished? |
| Had | he / she / it | V3? | Had she finished? |
Had you seen the film before?Siz filmni ilgari koʻrganmidingiz?
Had she called you before the meeting?U yigʻilishdan oldin sizga qoʻngʻiroq qilganmidi?
Qoʻllanilishi
Past Perfect quyidagi holatlarda ishlatiladi.
Oʻtmishdagi ikki ishdan oldingisi
Ikkala ish ham oʻtmishda boʻlgan: oldin tugagani Past Perfect da, keyingisi Past Simple da turadi. Shuning uchun bu zamon yolgʻiz ishlatilmaydi — matnda yoki gapda ikkinchi, keyingi ish ham boʻlishi kerak. Ikkinchi ish boʻlmasa, oddiy Past Simple yetarli.
The train had left when we reached the station.Biz bekatga yetganimizda poyezd joʻnab ketgan edi.
He had already eaten when I called him.Men qoʻngʻiroq qilganimda u allaqachon ovqatlangan edi.
The shop had closed when she arrived.U yetib kelganda doʻkon yopilgan edi.
Maʼlum paytgacha tugagan ish
by, by the time, by the end of bilan koʻrsatilgan chegaraga qadar bajarilgan ish. Chegara nuqta emas, muddat — ish oʻsha paytgacha qachondir tugagan, aniq qachonligi aytilmaydi. We had finished by six — soat oltida emas, oltigacha.
By Monday she had written three articles.Dushanbaga qadar u uchta maqola yozgan edi.
By the age of ten he had learned two languages.Oʻn yoshga kelib u ikki tilni oʻrgangan edi.
By last summer they had built the house.Oʻtgan yozga qadar ular uyni qurib boʻlgan edi.
after va before bogʻlovchilari bilan
after va before ning oʻzi ketma-ketlikni koʻrsatadi, shuning uchun soʻzlashuvda Past Simple ham uchraydi: After we packed, we called a taxi. Rasmiy yozuvda Past Perfect saqlanadi. Bogʻlovchi boʻlmagan gapda esa u shart: tartibni boshqa hech narsa koʻrsatmaydi.
After we had packed, we called a taxi.Yukni yigʻib boʻlgach, taksi chaqirdik.
She went home after she had locked the office.U ofisni qulflagach, uyiga ketdi.
Before the guests arrived, she had cleaned the room.Mehmonlar kelguncha u xonani yigʻishtirgan edi.
Koʻchirma nutqda
Toʻgʻri nutqdagi Past Simple koʻchirma nutqqa oʻtganda Past Perfect ga aylanadi: I saw him → He said he had seen him. Present Perfect ham xuddi shu shaklga oʻtadi, shuning uchun koʻchirma nutqda ikki zamon bitta shaklga birlashadi va farq faqat kontekstdan bilinadi.
He said he had lost his keys.U kalitlarini yoʻqotganini aytdi.
They told us they had booked the tickets.Ular chiptalarni band qilganliklarini aytishdi.
She explained that she had missed the bus.U avtobusga kechikkanini tushuntirdi.
Uchinchi tur shart gaplarda
Oʻtmishda boshqacha boʻlishi mumkin edi, lekin boʻlmadi. Shart qismi Past Perfect da, natija qismi would have bilan beriladi: If we had booked earlier, we would have got better seats. Ikkala ish ham sodir boʻlmagan — shuning uchun bu tur faqat afsus yoki tanqid maʼnosida ishlatiladi.
If we had left earlier, we would have avoided the traffic.Ertaroq chiqqanimizda, tirbandlikka tushmasdik.
She would have joined us if she had finished her work.Ishini tugatganida edi, u ham qoʻshilardi.
If they had asked, I would have explained everything.Soʻrashganda edi, hammasini tushuntirardim.
wish va if only bilan afsus
wish va if only dan keyin Past Perfect oʻtmishdagi ish boshqacha boʻlishini istashni bildiradi. Afsus aynan shu shakl orqali beriladi: I wish I had known — bilmagan, va endi buni oʻzgartirib boʻlmaydi. Past Simple qoʻyilsa, maʼno hozirgi holatga koʻchadi: I wish I knew — hozir bilmayman.
I wish I had known about the meeting.Majlis haqida bilganimda edi.
If only we had left earlier.Qaniydi ertaroq joʻnaganimizda.
She wished she had taken the other road.U boshqa yoʻldan ketmaganiga afsuslandi.
Oʻsha paytgacha boʻlgan tajriba
Oʻtmishdagi maʼlum nuqtagacha biror ish qilingan yoki qilinmagan; never, ever, before shu maʼnoni beradi. Bu Present Perfect ning oʻtmishga koʻchirilgan shakli: I have never flown hozirgacha, I had never flown esa oʻsha paytgacha degani. Sanoq nuqtasi hozir emas, oʻtmishdagi voqea.
She had never flown before that day.U oʻsha kungacha hech qachon samolyotda uchmagandi.
We had not met him before the conference.Konferensiyagacha biz u bilan tanish emasdik.
Had you ever visited the museum before then?Oʻshangacha muzeyga borganmidingiz?
Birinchi marta va orttirma daraja
it was the first time, the second time, the best ... ever iboralaridan keyin Past Perfect keladi. Bu Present Perfect dagi shu qoidaning oʻtmishga koʻchirilgani: hisob hozirgacha emas, oʻtmishdagi oʻsha voqeagacha yuritiladi. It was the first time he had flown — oʻsha kungacha hech uchmagan.
It was the first time he had flown alone.U birinchi marta yolgʻiz uchayotgan edi.
That was the best meal I had ever eaten.Bu men yegan eng mazali taom edi.
It was the second time she had missed the train.U ikkinchi marta poyezdga kechikkan edi.
Payt koʻrsatkichlari
Chegara
Holat
Bogʻlovchi
Past Perfect va Past Simple
Past Perfect
The train had left before eight.Poyezd sakkizgacha joʻnab ketgan edi.
Past Simple
We reached the station at eight.Biz bekatga sakkizda yetdik.